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Ant robotics
Ant robotics is a special case of swarm robotics. Swarm robots are simple (and hopefully, therefore cheap) robots with limited sensing and computational capabilities. This makes it feasible to deploy teams of swarm robots and take advantage of the resulting fault tolerance and parallelism. Swarm robots cannot use conventional planning methods due to their limited sensing and computational capabilities. Thus, their behavior is often driven by local interactions. Ant robots are swarm robots that can communicate via markings, similar to ants that lay and follow pheromone trails. Some ant robots use long-lasting trails (either regular trails of a chemical substance〔J. Svennebring and S. Koenig. Building terrain-covering ant robots. Autonomous Robots, 16, (3), 313-332, 2004.〕 or smart trails of transceivers〔M. Batalin and G. Sukhatme. Efficient exploration without localization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2714-2719, 2003.〕), others use short-lasting trails (heat,〔R. Russell. Heat trails as short-lived navigational markers for mobile robots. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 3534-3539, 1997.〕 odor,〔R. Russell. Odour detection by mobile robots. World Scientific Publishing. 1999.〕 alcohol,〔R. Sharpe and B. Webb. Simulated and situated models of chemical trail following in ants. Proceedings of the International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, 195-204, 1998.〕 and/or light〔B. Ranjbar-Sahraei, S. Alers, K. Tuyls, G. Weiss. StiCo in Action. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), 1403-1404, 2013〕), and others even use virtual trails.〔. Vaughan, K. Stoy, G. Sukhatme, and M. Mataric. LOST: Localization-space trails for robot teams. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 18(5):796-812, 2002.〕
==Invention==
In 1991, American electrical engineer James McLurkin was the first to conceptualize the idea of "robot ants" while working at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The robots consisted of sensors, infrared emitters, and communication systems capable of detecting objects in their path. McLurkin's invention was through studying the behavior of real ants in ant colonies and keeping ant farms as a basis for his programming. Through this examination, he could better understand how insects structured their workloads in order to produce a viable and working prototype of robotic ants.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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